Research on speech recognition is presented at ISCA's conferences and workshops, at the IEEE's (annual) ICASSP conference and (every two years) ASRU workshop, and at other events including the EURASIP EUSIPCO conference, NAACL-HLT, and the TSD (Text, Speech, and Dialogue) workshop.
The ISCA Archive includes web pages containing the titles, author lists and abstracts for papers from INTERSPEECH, EUROSPEECH, ICSLP and other ISCA events. You can use Google to search through only those pages (and not the rest of the Internet) by including "site:isca-speech.org/archive" (without the quotes) as a search term. (This assumes that all the ISCA Archive web pages have URLs that start with http://isca-speech.org/archive, which seems to be true at the moment.). Since the author lists include institutional affiliation, by searching for the name of a country or region you can discover research groups there. For example "turkey site:isca-speech.org/archive" turns up groups in Turkey.
Here is a search box that automatically includes "site:isca-speech.org/archive" as a search term, so you don't have to type it in:
The Archive contains many full papers in PDF format. Some full papers are publicly viewable by anybody. The other full papers can be viewed by ISCA members. Membership is affordable and there are discounts for people on a low income.
The proceedings of IEEE events are archived online at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/.
A list of speech processing research groups (provided by Cambridge)
A list of speech processing research groups (provided by Univ. of Colorado)
A list of lists of speech processing research groups
Here is an incomplete list in roughly west-to-east order (the links go to publications pages where publications can be read about or downloaded):
The ISCA Students forum.
The HTK users mailing lists.
The Sphinx forums.
ISCA and ISCA Students
IEEE and the IEEE Signal Processing Society Speech and Language Technical Committee